@article{oai:tamagawa.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001202,
 author = {Flowers, Simeon},
 issue = {1},
 journal = {The Center for ELF Journal},
 month = {Apr},
 note = {Development of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) is parallel to development of intercultural communicative competence. However, ethnocentrism is seen as a major obstacle in developing intercultural communication. Increasing intercultural experience is prescribed as a method for overcoming ethnocentrism. This paper reports on a study involving 49 Japanese ELF students who were enlisted to participate in a six-week digital pen pal exchange. Using a pretest-posttest experimental design, the effects of the exchange were quantified. Results of this study revealed both decreases in ethnocentricity and increases in intercultural confidence as a result of this six-week exchange. This study contributes to research into effective ELF practices and the use of technology to support intercultural development.},
 pages = {25--39},
 title = {Developing Intercultural Communication in an ELF Program through Digital Pen Pal Exchange},
 volume = {1},
 year = {2015}
}